NFC (Near Field Communication)

NFC (Near Field Communication) is a short-range wireless technology that lets two devices exchange small amounts of data when they are within about 4 cm. It works through electromagnetic induction at 13.56 MHz.

Why it matters

NFC enables contactless payments, transit cards, door badges and tap-to-pair features. Passive tags need no battery, as they are powered by the reader's field.

The tiny range is a security feature, as an eavesdropper has to be very close.

Most phones support NFC through a small coil in the back panel, and cases or metal plates can block it.

Example

Tap phone on terminal
-> terminal powers/reads the secure element or token
-> payment token is exchanged in under a second

A tag on a poster might store a URL of around 50 bytes that opens when tapped.

Common mistakes

Assuming NFC works at a distance like Bluetooth.
Writing sensitive data to an open tag.
Placing a phone with a metal case in the wrong spot, since the antenna location matters.

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