OOP (Object-Oriented Programming)

OOP (Object-Oriented Programming) is a programming paradigm in which software is modeled as objects. Each object bundles data (fields or attributes) with the functions that operate on it (methods), and objects are created from blueprints called classes.

Why it matters

OOP helps manage large codebases by grouping related data and behavior and hiding internals behind a clear interface. Its main ideas are encapsulation, inheritance (a class reusing another's behavior), polymorphism (different classes responding to the same method call) and abstraction. Java, C#, Python and Ruby all support it.

Example

class Monitor:
    def __init__(self, url):
        self.url = url
        self.up = True

    def mark_down(self):
        self.up = False

site = Monitor("https://example.com")
site.mark_down()

Monitor is a class; site is an object (an instance) of it; mark_down is a method.

Common mistakes

Building deep inheritance chains when composing small objects would be simpler.
Exposing every field publicly, so any code can put the object in an invalid state.
Assuming OOP is always better than other styles such as functional programming.

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