PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL, often called Postgres, is an open-source relational database management system known for its reliability, SQL standards compliance, and extensibility. It supports advanced types, full-text search, and JSON storage alongside traditional tables.

Why it matters

Postgres is a popular choice for new applications because it combines strict transactional behavior with flexible features: the JSONB type for semi-structured data, powerful indexing options, window functions, and extensions such as PostGIS for geographic data. Concurrency uses multi-version concurrency control (MVCC), so readers do not block writers. It is offered as a managed service by most cloud providers.

Example

psql -h db.example.com -p 5432 -U appuser appdb

SELECT id, data->>'email' AS email
FROM profiles
WHERE data @> '{"plan": "pro"}';

The default port is 5432.

Common mistakes

• Neglecting autovacuum tuning on write-heavy tables, which leads to table bloat.
• Opening hundreds of direct connections instead of using a pool such as PgBouncer.
• Leaving pg_hba.conf too open, allowing connections from any address.

Related

• Connection pool
• Database index
• ACID
• MySQL

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