VPC (Virtual Private Cloud)

A VPC (Virtual Private Cloud) is a private, logically isolated network that you create inside a public cloud provider. You choose its IP address range, divide it into subnets, and control routing and traffic with route tables, gateways and firewall rules.

Why it matters

A VPC decides which of your servers are reachable from the internet and which stay private. A common design puts load balancers in public subnets and application servers and databases in private subnets that have no direct inbound internet route. Getting this layout right limits the blast radius of a compromise and is the base for private connections to offices or other networks.

Example

VPC 10.0.0.0/16
  public  subnet 10.0.1.0/24  -> route to internet gateway
  private subnet 10.0.2.0/24  -> outbound via NAT gateway only

A web server in the private subnet can download updates through the NAT gateway, but nobody on the internet can open a connection to it directly.

Common mistakes

Choosing an address range that overlaps an office or another VPC, which blocks peering and VPN links later.
Making everything a public subnet for convenience.
Using subnets that are too small and running out of addresses.
Forgetting that NAT gateways and cross-zone traffic can add data transfer charges.

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