RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification)

RFID (radio-frequency identification) is a technology in which a reader uses radio waves to read data stored on a tag attached to an object, without needing line of sight. Tags are either passive, powered by the reader's signal, or active, with their own battery.

Why it matters

RFID lets a system identify many items quickly: a warehouse can scan a whole pallet without opening boxes. Frequency bands set range and behaviour:

• Low frequency (about 125 kHz): short range, used in older access cards and animal tags.
• High frequency (13.56 MHz): a few centimetres to about a metre, used in smart cards and NFC.
• Ultra-high frequency (roughly 860 to 960 MHz): metres of range, used in retail inventory and logistics.

Basic tags often transmit only an ID, which can be cloned if the system relies on that alone. Secure cards add cryptography.

Example

A shop attaches a UHF tag to a jacket. A reader at the door reads the tag ID and looks it up in the inventory database. The tag stores no price or name, only a number that points to a database record.

Common mistakes

• Assuming RFID and barcodes are interchangeable; RFID does not need a clear line to the tag but costs more per label.
• Using simple low-frequency cards for high-security doors.
• Placing tags on metal or liquids without checking, since they can detune the antenna.
• Treating NFC and RFID as unrelated; NFC is a short-range form of high-frequency RFID.

Related

• NFC
• IoT
• Encryption
• Database

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